Table 5

Nutrient

Range of Deficiency Rates

Notes

Vitamin A

Up to 70%⁴

In RNY and BPD/DS patients within 4 years post-op.

Vitamin C

35%¹⁹

In RNY patients at 12 months post-op; higher incidence in women compared to men.

Vitamin D

Up to 100%⁴

In all patients.

Vitamin E

Uncommon⁴

4-10%¹⁵

4-10% in RNY patients within 1-4 years post-op (15).

Vitamin K

Uncommon⁴

Up to 50%¹⁵

Up to 50% within 3 years post RNY (15).

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)

< 1 - 49%⁴

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

14%¹⁹

In RNY patients at 12 months post-op.

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

No definitive data/research

Vitamin B6

18%¹⁹

In RNY patients at 12 months post-op.

Folate/Folic Acid

Up to 65%^{(ASMBS 2016)}

Vitamin B12

< 20% RNY⁴

4-20% SG⁴

Noted at 2-5 years post-op.

Biotin

Limited or no data/research

Pantothenic Acid

Limited or no data/research

Iron

Up to 62%⁴

AGB - 14% / SG < 18% / RNY - 20-55% / BPD - 13-62% / DS - 8-50%

Calcium

Up to 48% BPD/DS²⁰

Within 4 years post-op in BPD/DS patients.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

(Marker of bone loss)

Up to 69% BPD/DS²⁰

14% SG²¹

33% RNY²¹

Within 4 years post-op in BPD/DS patients.

Within 3 years post-op in SG and RNY patients.

Iodine

No definitive data/research

Magnesium

<1-5%^22,23

Up to 5% in BPD/DS patients; <1% in RNY patients at 1-31 months post-op.

Zinc

19-70%⁴

AGB - 34% / SG - 19% / RNY - 40% / BPD/DS - up to 70%

Selenium

14-22%¹⁵

In addition, cardiomyopathy has been reported 9 months following BPD most likely due to selenium deficiency (24).

Copper

10-20% RNY⁴

Up to 90% BPD/DS⁴

Only 1 case report for SG; no data for AGB.

Manganese

No definitive data/research

However, manganese intake was found to be less than half of the recommended intake 12 months post-op (25).

Chromium

Limited or no data/research

Molybdenum

Limited or no data/research